Matovka, Nadiya & Laslo Amway

 Laslo

Serbian Cyrillic (Hungarian: Györe László; born on 2 June 1995) is a professional tennis player from Serbia.

He's Hungarian descent. He won two ATP Tour singles championships, one at Rio's 2019 ATP 500 Series tournament, after which he achieved a breakthrough into the top 30 and the inaugural Forte Village Sardegna Open in 2020, an ATP 250. 

On June 10, 2019, Djere attained World No. 27 career-high singles. On March 22, 2021, in double rankings, he hit his career-high of world No. 346. Djere made his debut at the 2013 PTT Thailand Open, where he was a wild card. His first effort to play main-draw at any grand-slam was on the 2015 French Open, while his first successful attempt was on the 2016 French Open. U.S. Open 2018 earned his maiden grand-slam triumph, defeating Leonardo Mayer in the first round.

Early life and background

Mother Hajnalka and father Csaba (or Čaba) were born in Senta, Serbia, on 2 June 1995. His parents lost died from cancer. 

Age 5, Djere started playing tennis with his father. He also has a sister, Judit. He's fluent in Serbian, English, Hungarian. His favourite is clay. His inspirations were Andy Roddick, Lleyton Hewitt, Novak Djokovic. He supports Chicago Bulls (NBA) and Seattle Seahawks (NFL)

Junior career

On the junior tour, Djere won five singles in 10 finals (one final cancelled), while in doubles he won two titles in as many finals.  In December 2012, he finished in back-to-back events at Eddie Herr and Orange Bowl, losing the first (Grade 1 event) 6–0, 4–6, 5–7 against Cristian Garín while leading 6–0, 4–1 but winning the latter over Elias Ymer 6–4, 6–4. This came following Hajnalka's recent passing. [11] In May 2013, he played another Grade A event, Trofeo Bonfiglio, but lost 6–7(5), 7–5, 5–7 to Alexander Zverev. Nevertheless, on 27 May 2013, he attained a career-high combined No.3 rating.

Professional tour

Djere started season 2013, playing mainly at Futures. He won F6 Futures at Kikinda in July 2013, winning Teodor-Dacian Crăciun in the final. Month later, in Zlatibor, Serbia F7 won another Futures. He made his ATP main draw debut as a wildcard participant at the 2013 PTT Thailand Open in September 2013. Feliciano López lost sixth seed in the first round. He was runner-up at two Futures in Cyprus by year-end.

In 2014, Laslo competed just at Futures and two unsuccessful Challengers attempts. At Prosperita Open in Ostrava, Marek Michalička lost in the third round of qualifying. He won Croatia F8 Futures in Bol in May, finally defeating Mike Urbanija. He later won another Futures in Prijedor, Bosnia&Herzegovina (F2). At Vicenza International, he lost his third qualifying round, to Zhang Ze. He won F13 Futures in Niš in September. 

His last season tournament of 2014 came in December at Senegal F2 Futures in Dakar, where he succeeded, winning the title against Aldin Šetkić.

Laslo began the 2015 season successfully, playing in the Morocco Tennis Tour semifinal – Casablanca, where Javier Martí stopped him for his maiden Challenger final. He won Cairo's Egypt F3 Futures late January, defeating Kamil Majchrzak in straight-sets. 

He made his maiden effort at an ATP 500 Series tournament in Dubai Tennis Championships, but failed in the second qualifying round, losing Lucas Pouille. 

He competed in qualifying at the French Open, hoping to reach his first main draw at any grand-slams, but lost Nikoloz Basilashvili's first round. He fell against No. 2 seed Jiří Veselý (ranked No. 41 at the time) in the final of the Czech Open challenger event in Prostějov in June 2015, beating three other top 80 players on his route to the final, No. 1 seed Martin Kližan, No. 6 seed Dušan Lajović, and No. 7 seed João Souza, respectively. 

After that result, he debuted in top 200 on June 8, achieving 182. He also reached quarterfinal in Milan's Aspria Tennis Cup. He failed to make main-draw at US Open, falling in Mathias Bourgue's first round of qualifying. 

He played quarterfinal at Morocco Tennis Tour – Casablanca II and semifinal at Sparkassen ATP Challenger in Ortisei by year's finish.

He first played in a Grand Slam main draw in May 2016 after the French Open qualifying draw. During summer 2016, he reached two challenger finals.

2017–2018: Single breakthrough, top 100

Wimbledon Championships 2018 Djere

In January, Djere played at the Australian Open qualification, but lost Ivan Dodig's second round, missing his chance to debut in the main event. 

He later won the Croatian F4 Futures title in Opatija, finally defeating Zdeněk Kolář. In April 2017, Djere achieved his first ATP main draw win over Martin Kližan at the Hassan II Grand Prix before falling to Albert Ramos Viñolas. 

He reached his first ATP semifinal in his following tournament, the Hungarian Open, after overcoming Daniil Medvedev, Viktor Troicki and Fernando Verdasco, before Aljaž Bedene defeated. 

He followed with a quarter-final in Istanbul Open, where Troicki defeated him. 

At French Open, he lost Oscar Otte's second qualifying round. Following the victories at the ATP level, he participated in challengers during the summer, winning one (2017 Internazionali di Perugia) and reaching three more finals, allowing him to crack the top 100 for the first time at No. 91 on 24 July 2017. In September, Djere made his Davis Cup debut for Serbia in their 2017 semifinal game against France, losing Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in straight sets. 

He played his debut ATP Masters 1000 in November but wasn't good enough to overcome Filip Krajinović in the second round and qualify for the main draw. 

Ranked No. 88 year-end.

In January, Djere finally debuted in main-draw at Australian Open, playing against Ivo Karlović in the first round, but didn't make it to the second round. His ATP Masters 1000 debut in the 2018 BNP Paribas Open, where Tim Smyczek defeated him. 

He reached two ATP semifinals in 2018, Istanbul Open in May and Swiss Open Gstaad in July, when he defeated Borna u.a. [18] He achieved his first major Grand Slam draw win by overcoming Leonardo Mayer at the U.S. Open, before losing to Richard Gasquet in the second round as he failed to convert all 12 of his break point chances. 

Next, he played a home tie against India in the Davis Cup World Play-offs, where he overcame Ramkumar Ramanathan in the opener for his first career win in the Davis Cup match and finally Serbia won a tie 4–0. 

On 24 September 2018, after making the quarterfinal at Sibiu Open, Djere achieved World No. 83 on 24 September 2018, which was his highest ranking till 2019.

2019: First ATP, top 30

Djere's opening in 2019

In February, Djere won his maiden ATP championship at the Rio Open, defeating Dominic Thiem in the process for his career's first top 10 triumph and reaching No. 37's then-career high-ranking. During Rio's trophy ceremony, Djere dedicated the victory to his late parents in an emotional speech. 

This championship enabled him initially join the top 50 and climbed to 37. [23] After that, at the 2019 Brasil Open in São Paulo, Guido Pella lost.

He next competed in Indian Wells, where he was seeded in an ATP event for the first time in his career (despite being a wildcard entrant), gaining a first round bye and then defeating Guido Andreozzi for his first Masters 1000 win, before being upset in the third round by Miomir Kecmanović. 

A Hungarian Open semifinal saw him climb a world high 29 career. 

Next, he reached the third round of Madrid Masters, defeating Juan Martín del Potro for his second top 10 win before succumbing to Marin Čilić. 

Winning only one match at the Rome Masters (lost in round two against Basilashvili), along with a few withdrawals, proved to be enough for Djere to be seeded first in his career at a Grand Slam. He competed as seed No. 31 at French Open, making his best grand-slam result so far. He finished third, winning against Albert Ramos Viñolas and Alexei Popyrin in the first two rounds, before losing Kei Nishikori in the third.

Lvovsky, Ludmyla & Mykhaylo Amway

 Lvovsky

• Lvovsky (masculine), Lvovskaya (feminine), or Lvovskoye (neuter) may refer to:
• Lvovsky, Moscow Oblast, an urban-type settlement in Moscow Oblast, Russia
• Lvovsky, Tver Oblast, a settlement in Tver Oblast, Russia
• Lvovsky, name of several other rural localities in Russia
• Lvovskoye, Tver Oblast, a village in Tver Oblast, Russia
• Lvovskoye, name of several other rural localities in Russia

See also

• Caecilie Lvovsky, birth name of Celia Lovsky (1897–1979), Austrian-American actress
• Lev, name from which "Lvovsky" is derived
• Lvov (disambiguation)
• Lvovo

Mykhaylo

He contributed to life sciences, particularly botany and zoology, linguistics, folklore, anthropology, history, literary studies, and archaeology.

He was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Language and Literature Department in 1871. Maksymovych was also a member of the Nestor Chronicler Historical Association in Kiev in 1872-1931.

Life

Maksymovych was born into an old Zaporozhian Cossack family who had a modest estate on Mykhailova Hora near Prokhorivka, county of Zolotonosha in Poltava Governorate (now Cherkasy Oblast) in Left Bank Ukraine. 

After receiving his high school education at Novgorod-Severskiy Gymnasium, he studied natural science and philology at Moscow University's Faculty of Philosophy and later at the Faculty of Medicine, graduating with his first degree in 1823, his second in 1827; then he remained at Moscow University for further academic work in botany. He obtained his doctorate in 1833 and was appointed professor of botany at Moscow University.

He taught biology and was university botanical garden director. During this period, he published extensively on botany and also on folklore and literature, and got to know many of the leading lights of Russian intellectual life including the Russian poet, Alexander Pushkin, and Russian writer, Nikolay Gogol, and shared with them his growing interest in Cossack history.

He was named professor of Russian literature at the newly-created Saint Vladimir University in Kiev in 1834 and became the first rector of the university, a role he maintained until 1835. (The Russian government built this university to limit Polish dominance in Ukraine, and Maksymovych was partly an instrument of this purpose). 

Maksymovych developed wide-ranging university growth plans that finally included getting prominent Ukrainians and Russians like Nikolay Kostomarov and Taras Shevchenko to lecture.

In 1847 he was severely moved by the arrest, incarceration and exile of the members of Saints Cyril and Methodius' Pan-Slavic Brotherhood, many of whom, like poet Taras Shevchenko, were his friends or classmates. Then he buried in scholarship, publishing widely.

He married in 1853 and in 1857, hoping to ease his poor financial circumstances, travelled to Moscow to find work. Shevchenko returned from exile in 1858, visited him in Moscow, and when Maksymovych returned to Mykhailova Hora, visited him there. Shevchenko made portraits of Maksimovich and his wife, Maria.

In his final years, Maksimovich committed himself increasingly to history and engaged in extended discussions with Russian historians Mikhail Pogodin and Nikolay Kostomarov.

The physical sciences and philosophy

In the 1820s and 1830s, Maksymovych wrote various biology and botany textbooks. His first scholarly publication on botany was published in 1823 on the Flowering Kingdom System. He also published layman's popular botanical publications. He brought this "populist" approach to science into his folklore, literature, and history publications.

He wrote The Book of Naum About God's Great World in Moscow in 1833, a popularly written exhibition of geology, the solar system, and the universe in religious attire for plain folk. This book proved to be a best-seller, and went through eleven editions, giving Maksimovich with long-term income.

In 1833, Maksymovych published "A Letter on Philosophy," reflecting his respect for Schelling's "Nature-Philosophy." In this letter, he argued that genuine philosophy was built on love and that philosophy was all fields of structured, systematic knowledge that sought to recognise the inner meaning and unity of everything, but mainly history. Maksimovich approached Baader, Hegel and Schelling's perspectives with his concentration on history.

Folklore

Maksymovych released Little Russian Folksongs in 1827, one of Eastern Europe's first collections of folk songs. It comprised 127 songs, including historical songs, day-to-day songs, and rituals. The collection signalled a fresh turn to the common people, the folk, which marked the beginning of the new romantic era. Everywhere it was read, it stimulated the interest of literate classes in plain peasant life. Maksymovych published two collections in 1834 and 1849.

In his folk song collections, Maksymovych used a new etymology-based Ukrainian language spelling. Although this Maksymovychivka looked relatively close to Russian, it was a preliminary step towards a distinct orthography based on phonetics that was subsequently proposed by younger contemporary Maksimovich, Panteleimon Kulish. The latter provides the basis of modern written Ukrainian.

Overall, Maksymovych claimed to notice some basic psychological differences, indicating national character distinctions between Ukrainian and Russian folk music; he regarded the former more spontaneous and vibrant, the latter more obedient. Many of his contemporaries like his younger contemporary, historian Nikolay Kostomarov, and others held such ideas.

In 1856, Maksymovych released the first section of his "Ukrainian Villager Days and Months," summarising many years of Ukrainian peasants observation. In it, he wrote up the Ukrainian village's folk customs by calendar year. (Full work was published in Soviet times only.)

Language and literature

In 1839, Maksymovych wrote his History of Old Russian Literature dealing with Russian literature's so-called Kievan period. Maksymovych found a solid continuity between Ruthenia's language and literature (Kievan Rus') and Cossack's. Indeed, he seems to have felt the Old Ruthenian language was akin to that of Old Czech to modern Polish or modern Slovak in relation to modern Russian; that is, one influenced, but not the same as the other. 

He later translated the epic Tale of Igor's Campaign into both modern Russian and Ukrainian verses. Maksimovich's literary works included poetry and almanacks devoted to Russia.

History

Maksymovych worked actively in history from the 1850s through the 1870s, especially Russian and Ukrainian history. He criticised Normanist theory that connected Kievan Rus to Scandinavian origins, preferring to emphasise its Slavic roots. 

But he disputed the Russian historian, Mikhail Pogodin, who claimed Kievan Rus was initially populated by northern Great Russians. Maksimovich argued that Kievan lands were never fully de-populated, even after the Mongol invasions, and that Ruthenians and their direct ancestors always inhabited them. He was the first to claim Russian history's "Lithuanian Period.

" Maksymovych also worked on the history of Kiev, Cossack Hetmanate, Bohdan Khmelnytsky's insurrection, the Haidamak uprisings against Poland, and other issues. Overall, he sympathised with these numerous Cossack rebels, so much so that the Russian censor rejected his first work on the Haidamaks. Many of his major works were critical analyses and revisions of other historians' publications, such Mikhail Pogodin and Nikolay Kostomarov.

Slavistics

Regarding Slavic studies, Maksimovich commented on the many theses of Czech philologist Josef Dobrovský and Slovak scholar Pavel Jozef Šafárik. Like them, he separated the Slavic family into two broad groups, one West and one East. 

But then divided the western group into two more parts: a northwestern group and a southwestern group. (Dobrovsky clubbed Russians with the South Slavs.) Maksymovych specifically disagreed to Dobrovsky's claim that the dominant Eastern or Russian group was homogeneous, without major divisions or dialects. Maksymovych, this eastern group, split into two distinct languages, South Russian and North Russian. 

He separated South Russian into two distinct dialects, Ruthenian and Red Ruthenian/Galician. The North Russian language, he split into four primary dialects, the Muscovite being the most developed, but also the youngest. 

He also seems to have considered Belarusian a distinct language, midway between North and South Russian, though significantly closer to the former. Writing in the early twentieth century, Croatian scholar Vatroslav Jagić considered Maksimovich's theory a valuable contribution to Slavic philology.

Maksymovych also argued in favour of the autonomous genesis of the spoken Old Rus languages, deeming them separate from the book language of the period, based on Slavonic Church. Maksimovich also published some critical notes on Pavel Jozef Šafárik's Slavic globe map, written on the Lusatian Sorbs and Polish proverbs. Maksimovich also penned a brief autobiography published in 1904. His correspondence was broad and meaningful.

Legacy

Maksymovych was a pioneer of his time and one of the last "universal men" in many aspects to be able to give original works to both sciences and humanities. His works in biology and physical sciences reflected a concern for the common man—love for his fellow human being, Schelling's philosophy at work—and his works in literature, folklore, and history, often phrased to his scholarly opponents as friendly public "letters," pointing to new directions in telling the storey of the common people. But Maksymovych "awakened" new national impulses among his countrymen, especially the younger generation. He influenced a lot of his younger contemporaries, including poet Taras Shevchenko, historian Nikolay Kostomarov, writer Panteleimon Kulish, and many more.

Kiev University library is named in his honour.

Further reading

• Dmytro Doroshenko, "A Survey of Ukrainian Historiography", Annals of the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the US, Vol. V-VI (1957), section on Maksymovych, pp. 119–23.
• George S. N. Luckyj, Between Gogol and Ševčenko: Polarity in the Literary Ukraine, 1798-1847 (Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1971), passim. Good on his relations with Gogol, Shevchenko, Kulish, and Kostomarov.
• Mykhailo Maksymovych, Kiev iavilsia gradom velikim (Kiev: Lybid, 1994). Contains a collection of Maksymovych's writings on Ukraine, his brief autobiography, and a biographical introduction by V. Zamlynsky. Texts in Ukrainian and Russian.
• Mykhailo Hrushevsky, "'Malorossiiskie pesni' Maksymovycha i stolittia ukrainskoi naukovoi pratsi", ["The 'Little Russian Songs' of Maksymovych and the Centennial of Ukrainian Scholarly Work"] Ukraina, no.6 (1927), 1-13; reprinted in Ukrainskyi istoryk, XXI, 1-4 (1984), 132-147. Incisive and important essay by the most famous of modern Ukrainian historians.
• M. B. Tomenko, "'Shchyryi Malorosiianyn': Vydatnyi vchenyi Mykhailo Maksymovych", ['A Sincere Little Russian': The Outstanding Scholar Mykhailo Maksymovych] in Ukrainska ideia. Pershi rechnyky (Kyiv: Znannia, 1994), pp. 80–96, An excellent short sketch.
• M. Zh., "Movoznavchi pohliady M. O. Maksymovycha", Movoznavstvo, no. 5 (1979), 46-50. Makes the claim that Maksymovych was one of the first to recognise the threefold division of the Slavic languages.
• Article on Maksymovych, in the Dovidnyk z istorii Ukrainy, ed. I. Pidkova and R. Shust (Kyiv: Heneza, 2002), pp. 443–4. Also available on-line.

Kovalyk, Vira & Oleksandr Amway

 Vira 

(Ukrainian: a Ukrainian walker, born 31 August 1970 in Hvardiyske, Ternopil Oblast), who competed in three consecutive Summer Olympics for her native country, commencing in 2000.

Kovalyk

Kovalyk (Ukrainian: often written Zenon or Zenobius) was a Greek Catholic priest and martyr from Ukraine.

Family background

Kovalyk was born in Ivachiv Dolishniy, near Ternopil in Galicia (western Ukraine). His family were peasant labourers, and like many of them, they were devoted Christians. Perhaps because of the dedication of his family, Zynoviy formed a desire to the Catholic priesthood while still young. He was known to have a beautiful singing voice, a pleasant temperament, and to be a strong character person.

Ministry as a Redemptorist

He entered the novitiate of the Redemptorists (Congregation of the Holy Redeemer) when he was 25 years old, making him older than usual novices of that age; he made his first religious profession on 26 August 1926.

After he studied philosophy and theology in Belgium. He returned to Ukraine and was ordained a priest on August 9, 1932, on September 4, 1932, in his town of Ivachiv. 

Kovalyk then travelled to Volhynia with Bishop Nicholas Charnetsky (who was also to become a martyr) to work among Orthodox Church Ukrainians to promote ecumenism. Kovalyk was a great singer and preacher. 

It's told he had a golden mouth, and his preaching gathered hundreds of people, leading them to greater devotion to Jesus and Mary. After several years, he proceeded to Stanislaviv (now Ivano-Frankivsk) to take up the office of provincial bursar, while also being extremely involved in the traditional Redemptorist practise of conducting missions around the region. 

Immediately before the 1939 Soviet invasion, he travelled to Lviv's Redemptorist monastery and gained bursar status. Because of the Communist presence, many clergy emphasised on spiritual things when giving homily and avoiding topics of freedom and justice. 

As a preacher, Kovalyk displayed no reluctance to publicly criticise the ideology and atheistic habits then established by the Soviets and to preach subjects impacting people's daily lives. Although his friends advised him that the Communist authorities were suspicious of him and that he should be less vociferous, he said, 

"If it is the will of God, I am ready to die, but I cannot be quiet in the face of such injustice." [5] On Mother of God's Dormition Feast, August 15, 1940, he offered a homily that allegedly drew some ten thousand devout.

Arrest and death

On 20 December 1940, the Soviet secret police abducted Kovalyk from his monastery because of his sermon on the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (8 December). He was accused of spying. He was interrogated and tortured for the six months of his confinement at Brygidki Prison, like many others. 

He continued his ministry in jail, praying with other convicts, hearing confessions, offering spiritual exercises, conducting catechism classes, and soothing them with Bible religious tales and anecdotes. [6]

On June 22, 1941, German troops began their onslaught against the Soviet Union and Lviv's city fell seven days later. As the German army neared, Soviet guards killed 7,000 inmates before escape. 

Witnesses allege he was crucified on a jail corridor wall, pulled his stomach open, and inserted a dead human foetus instead of just shooting Kovalyk.  Official Soviet statements suggest Kovalyk was shot, not crucified. 

On 24 April 2001, like numerous other Redemptorists, the Holy See recognised Kovalyk as a martyr. Pope John Paul II beatified him on June 27, 2001 during his pastoral tour to Ukraine. June 27 is Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Redemptorists' patron saint.

Legacy

Yaroslav Levytskyi's memoirs recalls Kovalyk's sermons and the peril they aroused. '[His] sermons impressed his audience incredibly. But this was highly dangerous in a preacher's prevalent system of denunciations and intimidation. 

So I regularly attempted to tell Father Kovalyk... that he needed to be more careful about the content of his sermons, not to provoke the Bolsheviks, since there was a matter of his personal safety. But all was in vain. Fathey Kovalyk had only one answer: 

"If that is God's will, I will joyfully embrace death, but I will never act against my conscience as a pastor.

Oleksandr 

(Real name Oleksandr Kandyba) (Ukrainian) (1878–1944), a notable Ukrainian writer and poet. He is the father of another Ukrainian poet and activist, Oleh Olzhych, who died in the 1944 Nazi labour camps.

Life

Born in 1878 in Khutir (small village) Kandyba (now Kandybyne village, Bilopillia raion, Sumy Oblast), Kharkiv province. He studied at Kharkiv Farm School, afterwards at Kharkiv Veterinary Institute. 

He's one of Kandyba's Ukrainian Cossack family representatives.

He married Svadkovska in 1907. They have a son, a famous Ukrainian poet Oleh Olzhych.

Collections

Among his poetic collections are "Z zhurboyu radist obnymalas" — With Sadness a Joy was Embracing, "Komu povim pechal moyu" — To whom I will tell about My Woes, and others (nine poetry books altogether). Oleksandr Oles also composed dramatic works

Death

Oles died in Prague's 1944 emigration. He was buried there until early January 2016, when his remains and his wife were excavated and replaced by Volodymyr Mykhailyshyn's body, the guy who paid for the family cemetery. 

On 29 January 2017, Oles and his wife Vera were reburied in Kiev Lukyanivske Cemetery, financed by the Ukrainian government. 

Ukraine President Petro Poroshenko and his wife Maryna Poroshenko attended this function.

Kostiny, Tetyana & Nikolay Amway

 Nikolay

(1 May 1921 – 11 January 2017) Professor of Technical Sciences and Physics at Kazan State University. 

For 32 years, Neprimerov was Head of Kazan University's Department of Radioelectronics and is the author of over 150 scholarly papers and 9 books. He also wrote a book about military pilots' daily lives during World War II. 

He received various honours and medals, including the Russian Federation Government Prize in Science and Technology

Neprimerov devoted almost 40 years to oil recovery and is known internationally for physical research.

Biography

Nikolay N. Neprimerov (Preobrazhensky) was born on May 1, 1921 to a forest ranger and school teacher in Annovka hamlet (Voronezh region, Russia). 

His family relocated to Kazan in 1926. After graduating with honours from School No. 83 in 1939, N. Neprimerov was called for military service. 

He was an aviation technician until 1946, serving four years in front line. Awarded Red Star Order and Medals.

In 1946, he became a student at Kazan State University's Faculty of Physics and Mathematics to stay there for his life. 

He won individual scholarships and graduated with honours from the University in 1951, pursued his postgraduate studies under Associate Professor S.A. Altschuler, defended his PhD thesis (1954) and earned Doctor of Technical Sciences (1963). During his postgraduate studies, he invented a new specialisation – magnetic radiospectroscopy – and contributed in creating a fundamental research facility in this subject. In 1960, he became Head of Radio Electronics at the Faculty of Physics and founded another specialisation, Radiophysical Measures.

In those years, he created his own scientific research technique. Neprimerov sequentially constructed three separate test facilities when writing his PhD thesis. 

He studied microwave polarisation plane rotation and magnetic susceptibility dispersion and determined the dielectric constant for all 36 analysed substances enabling the Macaluso-Corbino effect to be linked not only qualitatively but also quantitatively to electron paramagnetic resonance and a theoretical rationale for this relationship.

In 1955, Neprimerov was awarded the first contract with the Tatneft Petroleum Company in Kazan State University's history.

Then Neprimerov began integrated, in-depth research of transferring processes in porous media, phase transitions in oil and thermal, hydrodynamic and physicochemical oil and gas fields. 

He analysed thermal and mineral water fields and Earth's thermal regime for a fuller knowledge of Earth's inner processes. 

By the early 1980s, data obtained from over 250 fields using unique instrumentation and basic research enabled Neprimerov to build a new method for optimal oil reservoir development based on an in-depth understanding of fluid displacement in deformed, porous media. This technology—increasing production rates and oil recovery while drastically reducing production costs—was the basis for additional development projects for the Tatarstan oil fields of Aznakaevskaya, East Leninogorskaya, Shugurovskaya and Berezovskaya (Russia).

In 1978, Neprimerov developed a new faculty for oil retraining at Kazan State University. More than 200 Russian specialists graduated from this faculty over 10 years.

The Department of Radioelectronics formed the Physical Dynamics Laboratory of Heterogeneous Media in 1988, and Neprimerov became its chief researcher after retiring from Head of Department in 1992. Nikolay Neprimerov is three-time KSU First Prize winner for excellent research (1957, 1962 and 1993).

Neprimerov worked with active research to improve teaching theory and practise. About 650 students graduated from the Radio Electronics Department in Nikolay Neprimerov's specialisation. He frequently lectured publicly at Kazan University on Sundays, garnering tremendous audiences.

Nikolay Neprimerov was a member of various scientific and technological councils, committees and ministries as well as the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was also a state examiner for the USSR State Planning Committee and member of academic councils at Kazan State University's Faculties of Physics and Geology and Kazan Technical University. 

Nikolay Neprimerov's 70th birthday released his most important masterpiece, The Universe. Another significant work, Physical Dynamics, was prepared when he was 75. Nikolay Neprimerov also wrote a book about the daily life of military air service soldiers during World War II.

Neprimerov married Galina Anatolievna Neprimerova in 1959. Their granddaughter is a German astrophysicist. She got a Physics BSc and Astronomy Diploma from Kasan State University. She has been a research group director at the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy since 2014. 

Neprimerov died on January 11, 2017.

Scientific works

Man of science

Nikolay N. Neprimerov began his scientific life at Kazan University in 1946 about 60 years ago. He graduated from the University in 1951, obtained a PhD in 1954, and became a PhD in 1963.

Nikolay Neprimerov is one of those great geniuses that resurrected science and technology in Russia after WWII.

Neprimerov's commitment to science at Kazan State University for over 60 years has always been based on his main philosophy: the relationship between life and science and fundamental research and industry must be indissoluble. 

From his early research endeavours, Neprimerov was an accomplished experimental physicist and field guy.

His expeditions ranged from Kaliningrad to Kamchatka, and from Archangelsk to the Kara-Kum desert. Over 250 fields and several thousand test locations were evaluated with specialised apparatus. By the early 1980s, basic movement mechanism research enabled Neprimerov to build a fundamentally new method for optimal oil reservoir development based on an in-depth understanding of fluid displacement in deformed porous media. In the 21st century, this field-tested method will restore the remaining but currently unrecoverable half of oil reserves.

Nikolay Neprimerov's scientific papers illustrate his wide range of interests. Their list includes work on magnetic and dielectric radiospectroscopy (25), radioelectronics (13), terrestrial physics (50), biology (6), oil field development (54), gas field development (16) and education (15). This list includes contains 16 journalistic works and one autobiographical book concerning the daily life of military air force members during World War II. 

Neprimerov's visits to research centres encompass various countries from both hemispheres.

Nikolay Neprimerov considers physics much more than a collection of its subdisciplines. Thanks to this perspective, his contribution to world science is wide and diverse.

1. The Social Heritage Program as a knowledge foundation to be transmitted to succeeding generations, described in The Universe (1992) and Natural Science (2000).

2. A discrete medium physical model based on five particle properties: mass, size, load, mechanical and magnetic moments. This list can potentially be complemented by the interaction law in the book Physical Dynamics (1997).

Neprimerov was innovative in several fields. Official science not always recognised and accepted his ideas, despite they always presented novel answers to the most complicated scientific and commercial challenges.

Neprimerov worked with research and outreach activities to improve teaching theory and practise. About 650 students graduated from the Radio Electronics Department in Nikolay Neprimerov's specialisation. He frequently lectured publicly at Kazan University on Sundays, garnering tremendous audiences.

Neprimerov built a complex, informal scientific school operating in different research and industry-related fields. His popular inter-faculty research workshops attracted scientists from all departments of Kazan University and various Russian and other universities.

Fundamental science

Neprimerov's studies in numerous sciences—physics, theory of gravity, geology, biology, etc.—suggested they shared similar basics. The search for these fundamentals led Neprimerov in the early 1980s to create a physical model of the discrete medium consisting of particles with mass, size, charge, and mechanical and magnetic moments that interact in the three-dimensional macrocosm through strong forces in the microcosm and electrical and magnetic forces.

Neprimerov analysed structural features and attributes of atomic and molecular media and interaction processes to describe the universe's overall structure as a hierarchy of size-jumping systems and the introduction of new qualities in the transition from lower to higher systems. In 1992, Neprimerov's long-standing work was published as a monograph, The Universe, and later refined in the book Physical Dynamics (1997) explaining the discrete medium and energy, impulse, and rest mass particle movement. In addition, two other monographs were released in the early 21st century: Natural Science and The Universe Structure (2001).

These volumes include the basics of a wide range of university disciplines, such as microdynamics, electrodynamics, acoustic dynamics, thermodynamics, chemodynamics, fluid dynamics, geodynamics, and homodynamics, which Nikolay Neprimerov characterised as a human science about man's place in the universe.

Vision

Neprimerov was profoundly convinced that the 21st century scientific paradigm will be represented by a systematic method, invariants, and discrete environment model. Based on his five-decade experience, Neprimerov believes that this century will be the century of matter and that science advancement will be influenced by three factors:

1. Replacement of a typical continuous model with a discrete model based mainly on particle size, particle interaction mechanism and characteristic interaction duration.

2. The systematic approach to the structure of the Universe with reference to the hierarchical jumping of particle size during the transition from one system to another and the creation of a fundamentally new quality.

3. Invariants discovered not only by laws governing events, processes and phenomena, but also by the generalisation of rules embracing numerous fields.

Neprimerov assumes several such invariants may exist:

1) The systematic hierarchical principle of temporal evolution.

2) Universal law of mass transfer under gradient particle concentration and associated pulse of disturbance transport and energy dissipation.

3) A ratio that quantitatively determines new system transformation quality.

For the 21st century, Neprimerov forecasts rough determination of biological interaction processes and circuits of thought creation and circulation in the brain cortex neural network.

Grabar, Miron & Oksana Amway

 Oksana

(Russian: Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko, also known as Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko and Xenia Diaghileva or Ksenia Dyagileva, also known as Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko, is a Russian model and 2015 Miss Moscow  is a beauty winner.

Biography

Her father, Andrei Ivanovich Gorbatenko, is Rostov-on-Don orthopedist.  Her mother, Lyudmila Voevodina, was also a beauty contender in the early 1990s after the Soviet Union fall. She attended Moscow's Plekhanov Russian Economics University (PRUE). [Note required] Voevodina, a beauty contender, earned the Miss Moscow title in 2015

Personal life

On 22 November 2018 Voevodina married Kelantan's Sultan Muhammad V, who is also Malaysia's 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) while in Moscow, Russia. They also held a traditional Malay wedding in Malaysia on June 7, 2018 before the Russian wedding. She converted in April 2018 and changed her name to Rihana Oxana Petra (the family name of Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan).  

While the alleged wedding was widely publicised and discussed on social media, as of January 2019, no official statement was issued to confirm or refute it.

In a historic act, Muhammad V became the first King to stand down from the throne on 6 January 2019, with the end of his term on 12 December 2021.

Media confirmed the birth of Tengku Ismail Leon Petra bin Tengku Muhammad V Faris Petra on May 21, 2019. 

On 22 June 2019, Muhammad V divorced Voevodina in Singapore by a "talak tiga" (third talaq) or talaq baayin, an irrevocable divorce accomplished by simply stating to his wife that he was dissolving a marriage considered to be the most offensive and forbidden method of divorce in Islam. 

After Voevodina uploaded images of her life together on her Instagram account, the Kelantan Palace ultimately made an official statement on 6 September 2019 rejecting the matter as untrue by slamming the monarch's private social media posts as inappropriate and slanderous. 

The sultan apparently expressed 'regret' about his private life and choices, which caused uncertainty among the peoples, without identifying any names

Myron 

Russian pronunciation: [miron pavlovit par zjlji parrj] (1874–1952), (English transcription: Miron Pavlovich Zeyliger), birthname: Šeep Pavlovich Zeyliger, a Russian physicist and university professor who devised the Seiliger cycle, a hypothetical model describing how the diesel engine operates.

Life and career

Seiliger, born in Odessa, educated at Saint Petersburg Technology Institute. He later became a professor there, teaching thermodynamics and internal combustion engines. Seiliger devised the dual cycle in 1910, afterwards termed Seiliger cycle after him. 

After the Russian revolution, Seiliger left Russia; travelled to France in October 1924, where he became professor at RWTI Paris and kept lecturing. Seiliger also joined the Russian Engineers' Society

Published works

• Graphische Thermodynamik und Berechnen der Verbrennungs-Maschinen und Turbinen, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1922, ISBN 978-3-662-42983-9
• Die Hochleistungs-Dieselmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1926, ISBN 978-2-8101-1186-2
• Kompressorlose Dieselmotoren und Semidieselmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg, 1929, ISBN 978-3-662-25489-9

Hrabar, Oksana & Volodymyr Amway

Oksana

 Ukrainian: Оксана Володимирівна Захарчyк; born April 3, 1980 in Ostroh) is a retired Ukrainian shot putter.

She represented her nation Ukraine in the women's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics, and also established a personal best of 19.05 metres from the national athletics competition in Kiev.

Zakharchuk qualified for the Ukrainian squad in the women's shot put at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Nearly a week before the Games opened, she attained a personal best and an Olympic A-standard of 19.05 metres on her penultimate effort from the national athletics tournament in Kiev. 

During the prelims, Zakharchuk launched the ball into the field with her best possible effort at 17.28 on her second attempt, falling short to reach her two-week-old personal best by 177 centimetres. As she committed a foul in her final shot, Zakharchuk's feat was worthily enough to gain a twentieth slot from a roster of thirty-eight competitors in the overall standings, barely missing out the final round by 0.88 metres behind the last qualifier Li Meiju of China

Volodymyr

Ukrainian: Born on January 25, 1978) is a Ukrainian comedian and politician who has served as the 6th and current president of Ukraine since May 20, 2019. (Ukrainian: ibid., ibid., ibid.)

Prior to his political career, he earned a law degree and started a production business, Kvartal 95, which produced films, cartoons and TV comedy shows, including People's Servant, in which Zelensky served as Ukraine's president. 

The 2015-2019 series aired. He was a comedian, actor, screenwriter, film producer, director before entering politics.

In March 2018, Kvartal 95 staff planned a party with the same name as the television show. Zelensky launched his candidacy for the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election on the evening of December 31, 2018, alongside President Petro Poroshenko's New Year's speech on 1+1 TV channel. At the time, Zelensky was already one of the front-runners in election opinion polls. Zelensky won the second round with 73.2 percent of the vote, defeating Poroshenko.

It was reported in 2019 that Zelensky had a phone discussion with U.S. President Donald Trump when Trump allegedly pressed Zelensky to probe Joe Biden, the son of the then-2020 Democratic Party presidential contender. Zelensky denies claims. 

The Trump-Ukraine affair and Donald Trump's first impeachment resulted

Golota, Volodymyr & Oksana Amway

 Oksana Voevodina

Oksana Andreyevna Voevodina (Russian: Oksana Andreyevna Voevodina; born 10 July 1992 in Astrakhan), also known as Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko (often known as Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko) and Xenia Diaghileva or Ksenia Dyagileva (often known as Rihana Oksana Gorbatenko).

Biography

Her father, Andrei Ivanovich Gorbatenko, is Rostov-on-Don orthopedist. Her mother, Lyudmila Voevodina, was also a beauty contender in the early 1990s after the Soviet Union fall. She attended Moscow's Plekhanov Russian Economics University (PRUE).  As a contender, Voevodina won the Miss Moscow title in 2015.

Personal life

On 22 November 2018 Voevodina married Kelantan's Sultan Muhammad V, who is also Malaysia's 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King) while in Moscow, Russia. 

They also held a traditional Malay wedding in Malaysia on June 7, 2018 before the Russian wedding. She converted in April 2018 and changed her name to Rihana Oxana Petra (the family name of Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan). 

While the alleged wedding was widely publicised and discussed on social media, as of January 2019, no official statement was issued to confirm or refute it. 

In a historic act, Muhammad V became the first King to stand down from the throne on 6 January 2019, with the end of his term on 12 December 2021. 

Media confirmed the birth of Tengku Ismail Leon Petra bin Tengku Muhammad V Faris Petra on May 21, 2019. 

On 22 June 2019, Muhammad V divorced Voevodina in Singapore by a "talak tiga" (third talaq) or talaq baayin, an irrevocable divorce accomplished by simply stating to his wife that he was dissolving a marriage considered to be the most offensive and forbidden sort of divorce in Islam. 

 After Voevodina uploaded images of her life together on her Instagram account, the Kelantan Palace ultimately made an official statement on 6 September 2019 rejecting the matter as untrue by slamming the monarch's private social media posts as inappropriate and slanderous. 

The sultan apparently expressed 'regret' over his personal choices in his private life, which caused the people's confusion, without identifying any names

See also

• Oksana - name

Demichevy, Svitlana & Valeriy Amway

Valeriy Shmarov

 Valeriy Shmarov (Ukrainian: ukrainian: ukrainian: ukrainian) was a Ukrainian politician. From 10 October 1994 to 8 July 1996, he was Ukraine's third defence minister

Biography

Shmarov was born August 14, 1945, Zholoby village, Vinnytsia Oblast. Education: Kyiv College of Information Systems and Technologies (1966), Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (economist, 1972). 

He worked at Kiev Radio Factory from a radio equipment regulator to a Production Director in 1966–1987. He helped create control systems for multiple generations of strategic missiles and spacecraft, including the "Energia-Buran" complex. 

He was director of Zhulyany Machine-Building Plant in 1988–1992, producing controlled surface-to-air missiles for S-300 systems.

He was First Deputy Director-General of Ukraine's National Space Agency in 1992–1993. He helped establish and implement Ukraine's National Space Programme. 

In 1993–1995, he was Ukraine's Vice-Premier for issues of Ukraine's military-industrial complex.

He was Ukraine's Defense Minister in 1994–1996.From 1997, he was Honorary President of Ukraine's Aviation Enterprises Association "Ukraviaprom."

He was Ukrainian People's Deputy in 1998–2002. A member of Ukraine's Verkhovna Rada Defense and Security Committee. 

He joined the Presidium of Ukraine's Aerospace Society from 2002.

In 2002–2005 he was Director-General of the State Export and Import Company "Ukrspetsexport" for military and special reasons.

Starting in 1998, Shmarov worked at National Aviation University as Associate Professor, then Professor and Director of National Aviation University's Aerospace Institute (beginning 2005).

Engineering doctor (2006), professor (2004).

The author of almost 40 scientific articles, 3 patents. Editor-in-chief of the Astronomical School's Report. 

Shmarov died at 73 on 14 October 2018.

Awards

• Order of the Badge of Honour – 1976
• Order of the Red Banner of Labour – 1988
• State Prize of Ukraine in Science and Technology – 2002
• Order of Merit, Third Class – 2010

Gasanova, Gulnara & Elkhan Amway

 Gulnara

Jump to navigationJump to searchGulnara may refer to:

• Gulnara Karimova (born 1972), controversial Uzbek businesswoman, designer, singer and diplomat.
• Gulnara Mehmandarova (born 1959), architect, researcher, first President of ICOMOS Azerbaijan.
• Gulnara Samitova-Galkina (born 1978), Russian middle-distance runner.
• Gulnara Vygovskaya (born 1980), Russian long-distance runner who specializes in marathon races.

Gasanova

Gasanova's 183 WTA career-high singles ranking, achieved on March 22, 2021. She also has 260-in-double career-high WTA rankings, obtained on August 13, 2018.

Gasanova made her main-draw WTA Tour debut at the Abu Dhabi Open 2021, defeating Ena Shibahara in the last qualifying round.

 She achieved her first ever top-ten win in the tournament's second round, defeating former world No. 1, Karolína Plíšková in straight sets. 

In March 2021, Gasanova won her first quarter-final of a WTA Tour event at the St.Petersburg Trophy after qualifying for the main draw. 

Her first-round match against Katarina Zavatska and second-round win over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova both crossed the 3-hour mark and hit the 2021 Marathon Marvels: WTA's longest matches of the year. 

Simultaneously, her match against Pavluchenkova led to Great Escapes 2021: winning from point-down.  Vera Zvonareva lost quarter-final.

Astachow Olena & Dennis Amway

 Denis and Olena live in Luhansk. They are raising two sons - Paul (16 years old) and Daniel (14 years old). 

For the first time they heard about the business opportunities of Amway from their friends - Alexander and Tatiana Ryzhak.

 At the time of acquaintance with business Denis was an entrepreneur, Elena - a student of medical university. 

They have always looked for opportunities to develop in life. Denis saw great prospects for his family in the Amway business, and immediately became active and educated. 

Elena, in turn, appreciated the quality products that can protect the health of the whole family. Now the couple is actively developing international business. 

They believe that working, growing and developing in a team of like-minded people is an incredible pleasure and a special drive. 

A few years ago, Denis and his sponsor, Oleksandr Ryzhak, set a goal that in a short period of time, new Platinum, Emerald, and Diamond NPAs would begin to appear in their team. 

Over the years with Amway, Denis and Elena have been 100% convinced that any goal can be achieved. Any! No matter how bizarre it may seem. 

The main thing is to act and not give up! And the life of the Astakhov family is the clearest proof of that. 

“We realized that all the goals we set for ourselves at the time of starting the business were realized. Understood - achieving your goal is a serious motivation to set new goals. We decided to act to the maximum in order to achieve our goals faster. 

And now we can say with confidence that everything is just beginning! ” Denis and Elena are grateful to Amway for the opportunity to set goals, for the lifestyle they have now, for the prospects and growth opportunities that still await them. 

Special thanks for the incredible travels. "Setting goals based on your capabilities, or expanding your capabilities - the choice is ours!"

Shynkaryuk, Ludmyla & Valeriy Amway

 Valeriy Yaremchenko (born August 15, 1947) is a Ukrainian coach for Kryvbas Kryvyi Rih and Shakhtar Donetsk.

Career

Born in Kryvyi Rih City, Ukraine. As a footballer, he scored 247 goals in 247 games as a Shakhtar member. He has coached Syria (1985–87), Shakhtar (1989–94, 2001–03), Kremin (1994), Kolos (1995), Rotor (2004), Metalurh Z (2004–05). Honorary Ukraine coach 1993.

Honours

Player

• Soviet Top League
• Runner-Up: 1975
• Bronze: 1978
• Soviet Cup
• Runner-Up: 1978

Manager

• Ukrainian Premier League
• Runner-up: 1993-94, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2002-03
• Ukrainian Cup
• Winner: 1996-97
• National teams (Syria)
• lost qualification to 1986 FIFA World Cup

External links

• Profile at KLISF (in Russian)
• Profile at UkrSoccerHistory (in Russian)
• Profile at FC Shakhtar Donetsk (in Russian)

Elvikiene, Daina & Elvikis, Zilvinas Amway

 Divyaa Unni

Divyaa Unni is an Indian film actress and classical dancer who teaches several types of dance such as Bharathanatyam, Kuchipudi and Mohiniyattom. She is also an actress who has appeared in over 50 films mostly in Mollywood film industry and other languages also.

Early life

Divyaa Unni was born to Unnikrishnan and Kizhkemadhatil Uma Devi in Kochi, Kerala, India. Her mother, Uma Devi, is a Sanskrit teacher and Head of Sanskrit Department; at Bhavans Vidya Mandir, Girinagar & was won the National Teachers Award (India) in 2013 by India's President Shri Pranab Mukherjee. She has a sister, Vidhya Unni, who worked as lead in certain Malayalam movies. Divyaa completed her schooling in Vidya Mandir, Girinagar.

She graduated from St. Teresa's College, Ernakulam, with a B.A. in Communicative English. Divyaa is linked to Malayalam actress Meera Nandan and Remya Nambeesan.

Film career

Divyaa took the lead in over 50 films in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada and participated in films like Pranayavarnangal and Bharathan's farewell film Churam.

As a kid, Divyaa received her first break in Nee Ethra Dhanya as a second grade student. Pookalam Varavayi, helmed by Srikuttan's Kamal and Oh Faby, followed. She also did Vinayan's TV serial Iniyonnu Vishramikatte.

Divyaa's debut feature film as a lead actress was Kalyana Sowgandhigam with leading actors like Dileep and Kalabhavan Mani - one she did when she was fourteen; studying in 10th grade. She then collaborated with actors Mohanlal, Mammootty, Suresh Gopi, Jayaram and Bharathan; IV Sasi; Sibi Malayil and Lohithadas.

Dance career

At the age of three, Divyaa began her Bharatanatyam dance lessons, followed by training in Kuchipudi and Mohiniyattam. Subsequently, in 1990 and 1991, "Kalathilakom" was crowned in statewide competitions at Kerala School Kalolsavam. 

She performed several Indian dance art forms such as Bharatanatyam, Kuchipudi, Mohiniyattam, and Indian folk dance on India's main Television Channel Doordarshan. She continues to perform at numerous Indian dance festivals in India and around North America, Europe, and the Persian Gulf.

She has garnered numerous honours, including the Aravindaksha Memorial Award – the Abhinaya Tilaka Puraskaram for finest dancing performance.

To promote Indian culture in the West, Divyaa is fostering young children's artistic capabilities in the United States, where she currently resides. To this end, she is currently Director of Sreepadam School of Arts in Houston, Texas, USA.

Television

Serials

• Iniyonnu Vishramikkate (DD Malayalam)
• Shankupushpam (Asianet)

TV shows as Host

• American Jalakam (Asianet)
• America Today (Kairali TV)

Dance video

• Kaathidam Keralathe (2020)

Sytnyuk, Viktor & Oksana Amway

 Viktor Shklovsky

Viktor Borisovich Shklovsky[1] (Russian: Ви́ктор Бори́cович Шкло́вский, IPA: 24 January [O.S. 12 January] 1893 – 6 December 1984) was a Russian and Soviet literary theorist, critic, writer, and pamphleteer. He is one of the primary figures associated with Russian formalism.

Viktor Shklovsky's Theory of Prose was released in 1925.

 Shklovsky himself is still considered as "one of the most prominent literary and cultural theorists of the twentieth century"

 (Modern Language Association Prize Committee); "one of the most vibrant and irreverent brains of the previous century"

 "one of the most fascinating figures of Russian cultural life in the twentieth century" (Tzvetan Todorov)

Life

Born in St. Petersburg, Russia, Shklovsky. His father was Lithuanian Jewish mathematician (with Shklov's ancestry) and his mother was German-Russian. University of St. Petersburg.

During World War I, he volunteered for the Russian Army and eventually became a driving teacher in St. Petersburg's armoured car unit. There, in 1916, he created OPOYAZ (Obshchestvo izucheniya POeticheskogo YAZyka—Society for the Study of Poetic Language), one of two groups (alongside the Moscow Linguistic Circle) that established Russian Formalism's critical theories and tactics.

Shklovsky participated in 1917's February Revolution. Subsequently, the Russian Provisional Government dispatched him to the Southwestern Front as assistant commissioner where he was wounded and received a gallantry award. He was an assistant commissar of the Russian Expeditionary Corps in Persia (see Persian Campaign).

Early 1918, after the October Revolution, Shklovsky returned to St. Petersburg. During the Civil War, he opposed Bolshevism and participated in an anti-Bolshevik plan organised by Socialist-Revolutionary Party members. After the Cheka discovered the conspiracy, Shklovsky went into hiding, travelling through Russia and Ukraine, but was finally forgiven in 1919 for his links with Maxim Gorky and vowed to refrain from political involvement. His two brothers were executed by the Soviet state (one in 1918, one in 1937) and his sister died in St. Petersburg in 1919. 

Shklovsky joined Soviet society and even participated in the Russian Civil War, serving in Red Army. However, he had to go into hiding again in 1922, as he was threatened with arrest and possible execution for his prior political activity, fleeing to Germany via Finland. In Berlin, in 1923, he published his memoirs on the period 1917–22 under the title Sentimental puteshestvie, vospominaniia, A Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy by Laurence Sterne, an author he greatly liked and whose digressive style had a strong influence on Shklovsky's work. 

He was allowed to return to the Soviet Union the following year, not least because of a plea to the Soviet authorities included in the concluding pages of his epistolary novel Zoo, or Letters Not About Love.

Mihajlo Mihajlo Mihajlov visited Shklovsky in 1963 and wrote: "I was amazed by Shklovsky's liveliness of spirit, his numerous interests, and his vast culture. When we bid farewell to Viktor Borisovich and headed for Moscow, I believed I met one of our century's most cultured, clever and best-educated men." He died 1984 in Moscow.

Writer and theorist

Besides literary criticism and biographies of such authors as Laurence Sterne, Maxim Gorky, Leo Tolstoy, and Vladimir Mayakovsky, he created a number of semi-autobiographical works disguised as fiction, which also served as experiments in his evolving literature ideas.

Shklovsky may be best known to develop the concept of ostranenia or defamiliarization (sometimes rendered as "strangement") in literature.

In the key essay "Art as Technique" (sometimes translated as "Art as Device") in 1917, which included the first chapter of his fundamental Theory of Prose, originally published in 1925. He argued for the need to make something over-familiar, like a cliché in the literary canon, something revitalised: 

And so, to give our limbs sensibility, to make us feel objects, to make a stone seem hard, man was given the art tool. The objective of art, then, is to lead us to know something through the sight organ instead of recognition. By "strangling" objects and complicated shape, art's device makes perception protracted and "laborious." The perceptual process in art has its own purpose and should be fully developed. Art is a means of experiencing creativity. The artefact itself is unimportant.

Shklovsky, Viktor, Prose Theory. Benjamin Sher, (Dalkey Archive Press, 1990), p.6.

Among other things, Shklovsky also contributed the plot/story distinction (syuzhet/fabula), which differentiates the sequence of events the work narrates (the storey) from the sequence in which the work presents those events (the plot).

Shklovsky's work pushes Russian Formalism to consider literary activity as integral components of social practise, a notion that becomes essential in the work of semiotics academics of Mikhail Bakhtin and Russian and Prague Schools.

[Note required] Shklovsky's thinking also affected Western thinkers, largely thanks to Tzvetan Todorov's 1960s and 1970s translations of Russian formalists' works, including Tzvetan Todorov himself, Gerard Genette, and Hans Robert Jauss.

Film

Shklovsky was one of film's early serious writers. His thoughts and papers on film were published in 1923 (Literature and Cinematography, first English edition 2008). He was a personal friend of director Sergei Eisenstein and released a scathing review of his life and work (Moscow 1976, no English translation).

Starting in the 1920s and far into the 1970s, Shklovsky worked as a screenwriter on numerous Soviet films (see Select Filmography below), part of his life and work that has so far received very minimal recognition. Third Factory Shklovsky muses on his career in film, writing: "First of all, I have a position in Goskino's third factory. Second, the name isn't hard to explain. My family and school were the first factory. The second, Opoyaz. And the third – is processing me right now

Bibliography (English)

• A Sentimental Journey: Memoirs, 1917–1922 (1923, translated in 1970 by Richard Sheldon)
• Zoo, or Letters Not About Love (1923, translated in 1971 by Richard Sheldon) – epistolary novel
• Knight's Move (1923, translated in 2005) – collection of essays first published in the Soviet theatre journal, The Life of Art
• Literature and Cinematography (1923, translated in 2008)
• Theory of Prose (1925, translated in 1990) – essay collection
• Third Factory (1926, translated in 1979 by Richard Sheldon)
• The Hamburg Score (1928, translation by Shushan Avagyan published in 2017)
• Life of a Bishop's Assistant (1931, translation by Valeriya Yermishova published in 2017)
• A Hunt for Optimism (1931, translated in 2012)
• Mayakovsky and his circle (1941, translated in 1972) – about the times of poet Vladimir Mayakovsky
• Leo Tolstoy (1963, translated in 1996)
• Bowstring: On the Dissimilarity of the Similar (1970, translated in 2011)
• Energy of Delusion: A Book on Plot (1981, translated in 2007)

Select filmography 

• By the Law, 1926, director Lev Kuleshov, based on a story by Jack London
• Jews on Land, 1927, director Abram Room
• Bed and Sofa, 1927, director Abram Room
• The House on Trubnaya, 1928, director Boris Barnet
• The House of Ice, 1928, director Konstantin Eggert, based on the eponymous novel by Ivan Lazhechnikov
• Krazana, 1928, director Kote Mardjanishvili, based on the novel The Gadfly by Ethel Lilian Voynich
• Turksib, documentary, 1929, director Viktor Alexandrovitsh Turin
• Amerikanka (film), 1930, director Leo Esakya[12]
• The Horizon, 1932, director Lev Kuleshov
• Minin and Pozharsky, 1939, director Vsevolod Pudovkin
• The Gadfly, 1956, director Aleksandr Faintsimmer, based on the eponypous novel by Ethel Lilian Voynich
• Kazaki, 1961, director Vasili Pronin

Interviews

Serena Vitale: Shklovsky: Jamie Richards, Dalkey Archive Press, Champaign, London, Dublin, 2012 ISBN 978-1-56478-791-0. (Italian edition first pub. in 1979). Vitale's interview is undoubtedly the most important historical document describing Shklovsy's later life and activity.

Koryak, Alexander & Nina Amway

 Koryaks are indigenous peoples of the Russian Far East who dwell immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the Bering Sea coastlines. Koryaks' cultural boundaries include southern Tigilsk and northern Anadyr.

Koryaks are culturally comparable to extreme northeast Siberia's Chukchis. Koryak language and Alutor (sometimes considered Koryak's dialect) are linguistically related to Chukchi language. All these languages are Chukotko-Kamchatkan family members. 

They are closer to the Itelmens on Kamchatka Peninsula. All these and other unrelated minorities in and around Kamchatka are together known as Kamchadals.

The Koryaks' neighbours include the west Evens, the south Alutor (on the Kamchatka peninsula isthmus), the east Kerek, and the northeast Chukchi.

Koryaks are traditionally divided into two groups. The coastal inhabitants are called Nemelan (or Nymylan) because they live in communities. Their lifestyle is centred on local and marine mammal hunting. The interior Koryak, reindeer herders, are nicknamed Chaucu, meaning 'rich in reindeer.' They're more nomadic after herds since they graze with seasons. 

Etymology

 Koryak's name comes from the exonymous word 'Korak,' meaning 'with the reindeer (kor)' in a local Chukotko-Kamchatkan language.  The earliest allusions to the name 'Koryak' were written by the Russian cossack Vladimir Atlasov, who captured Kamchatka for the Tsar in 1695. Russia used the alternative term in official state papers, popularising it subsequently.

Origin

Koryak's origin is unknown. Anthropologists speculated that during Late Pleistocene, a land bridge connected the Eurasian and North American continents. Migratory peoples may have crossed modern-day Koryak territory on the way to North America. Scientists claimed that people migrated between this location and Haida Gwaii before the ice age receded. They assume that this time the Koryak's forefathers returned from North America to Siberian Asia.Cultural and linguistic similarities exist between Nivkh and Koryak.

According to the 2010 census, Russia has 7,953 Koryaks.

History

The Koryak once occupied far-east Russia's considerably wider area. Their overlapping borders extended to Khabarovsk Krai's Nivkh regions until the Evens arrived, pushing them into their present region.  [Needed page] A smallpox epidemic in 1769-1770 and conflict with Russian cosacks decreased Koryak from 10-11,000 in 1700 to 4,800 in 1800. 

Under the Soviet Union, in 1931 a Koryak Autonomous Okrug was founded, named for this tribe. Based on the 2005 local referendum, this amalgamated with Kamchatka Krai on 1 July 2007.

Culture

Families frequently formed bands in groups of six or seven. The nominal head had no predominant authority, and the groups relied on consensus to decide, reflecting typical equality in the tiny group.

Indoor people's existence focused around reindeer, their major food source. They also used all the bodily parts to manufacture sewing materials, clothing, utensils and weapons. The flesh was typically roasted and consumed or eaten uncooked blood, marrow, and milk. Liver, heart, kidneys, and tongue were delicacies. 

Salmon and other freshwater fish as well as berries and roots played a vital role in the diet as reindeer flesh did not contain some vitamins and minerals needed to thrive in the harsh tundra.

The Koryaks also buy conventional foods like bread, cereal and tinned fish today. They sell some reindeer each year for money, but thanks to the enormous reindeer population, they can increase their herds.Women's coat Koryak

Reindeer skin made clothing, however nowadays men and women often replaced it with cloth. The males wore baggy pants and a hide blouse, typically fitted with a hood, boots and traditional headgear made of reindeer skin. 

Still using boots and caps. Women wore the same as men, except a longer shirt reached the calves. Today, ladies generally wear head cloth and skirt, but in winter wear the reindeer hide robe.

The Koryak lived in dome-shaped tents, called jajanga, or yaranga, similar to a tipi of the American Plains Indians, but less vertical, while some lived in yurts. 

Many reindeer skins wrapped the frame. Few families still utilise yaranga as residences, although some utilise it on tundra treks. 

The yaranga centre had a heart, replaced by an iron stove. Reindeer hide bedding in the chum to the east. They used small cupboards to store food, clothing, and personal items for families.

Transportation

Inland Koryak rode to go around, chopping off their antlers to prevent damage. They also fitted a reindeer team with harnesses and hooked them to sleds for hauling camp items and people. 

 Today the Koryak uses more snowmobiles than reindeer. Most inter-village mobility is by air or boat, although tracked vehicles are utilised to travel to other settlements. 

They developed snowshoes they utilised (and still do) when the snow is deep. Snowshoes are sinewed by tying reindeer and skin strips to a tennis racket-shaped birch bark or willow hoop. The sinew straps attach the shoe to the foot.

Children learned to ride, sleep, and utilise snowshoes quite young.The other Koryak were expert mariners chasing whales and other marine creatures.

Religion

Koryaks believe in a Supreme Being whom they call by different names: ubiquitous (Universe/World), ubiquitous (Supervisor), ubiquitous (One-on-High), etc. 

He is said to reside with his family in Heaven, and when he wants to punish mankind for immoral activities, he sleeps and leaves man open to failed hunts and other illnesses. 

 Koryak mythology revolves on the supernatural shaman Quikil (Big-Raven), created by the Supreme Being as Koryak's first man and guardian. 

Big Raven myths are also present in Tlingit culture in Southeast Alaska, among Haida, Tsimshian, and other Pacific Northwest Coast Amerindians

Environment

Koryak lands are mountains and volcanic, especially in Arctic tundra. Coniferous trees lie near southern sections along Okhotsk Sea's Shelekhova Bay shoreline. Inland northern regions are substantially colder, where only different bushes grow, but these are enough to sustain reindeer movement. 

Mean winter temperature is −13°C (9°F), but short summers are +12°C (54°F). The territory they covered before Russian annexation was 301,500 km2 (116,410 mi2), roughly equivalent to Koryak Okrug, Palana being the administrative centre.

Today the Koryak is the largest minority with 8,743 people. The Krai population is currently predominantly ethnic Russian, descendants of the Cossack colonists.

See also

• Haplogroup G (mtDNA)
• Alyutors (Koryak sub group)
• Anapel
• Apuka District
• Olyutorsky District

Lorena & Diego Reyes Amway

 17 años atrás, una llamada telefónica marcó la vida de Lorena y Diego, ahora orgullosos empresarios Diamante. Nunca imaginaron que tomar Amway Opportunity sería el comienzo de una gran historia que abriría las puertas de un proyecto de libertad y aprendizaje en el que la mayor recompensa era compartir sus historias de éxito con los que, como ellos, definen su dirección empresarial.

“Hoy miramos este proyecto como la manera de tener libertad, de sobresalir del ser humano común, de vivir soñando con un estilo de vida increíble en donde el logro es ilimitado”, cuentan. “Es definitivamente una actitud”.

“Para nosotros, la transformación con el sistema educativo fue el detonante para creer y confiar que esto lo haríamos en grande, la lucha diaria fue con nosotros mismos, tuvimos que desarrollar hábitos como disciplina, enfoque y planificación”.

Su esfuerzo tuvo unas recompensas enormes y satisfactorias. Gracias a tomar en serio la oportunidad de Amway, Lorena y Diego han alcanzado objetivos como tener una casa e invertir en activos fijos, y también comparten su vida a pleno con su familia y amigos, sin dejar de ayudar a los demás a definir y cambiar sus vidas, trabajando duro para crecer su negocio.

“Nos ha dado un cambio de vida sustancial, principalmente un ensanchamiento mental, en donde vivimos felices y esperanzados en un país mejor”.

Qualifications

• Diamante (2015)

Downline Diamond

• Lorena & Diego Reyes, Diamond, Venezuela 2015
• Rivas, Santos & Yoladie, Founders Diamond, Venezuela 2014
• Guzmán, Vladimir & Pérez, Yesmir, Diamond, Venezuela 2014
• Rivas, Santos Jr Diamond, Venezuela 2017

guzmán vladimir & pérez yesmir Amway

 Alonso Pérez de Guzmán

Alonso Pérez de Guzmán (1256–1309), known as Guzmán el Bueno, was a mediaeval Spanish nobleman and hero of Spain, the founder of the family from which the dukes of Medina Sidonia came.

Biography

Guzmán was born in Morocco after Spanish customs.  Historians speculated that he was a Muslim.  In the export licence signed in 1288, Guzmán was granted authorization to transport the harvest "from" to Morocco.

A document signed by the Spanish King in 1297 refers to Guzmán as "a vassal," i.e., non-Spanish.  Late Luisa Isabel Álvarez de Toledo, 21st Duchess of Medina Sidonia, owned the document. Guzmán's direct descendant, she stated she believed his background might have been "cleaned up" in the sixteenth century to disguise his origins. She hoped the hero would make Spain's Christian civilization more tolerable. 

In 1294, King Sancho IV of Castile granted Guzmán tuna fishing privileges for his valiant defence of Tarifa. He erected Zahara de los Atunes Castle and Jadraza Palace as a defensive castle, incorporating a seasonal palace and tuna processing factory.

In 1296, Alonso de Guzmán defended Tarifa on behalf of Castile's Sancho IV. Guzmán was charged with Tarifa, just captured from the Moors, despite fighting for Alfonso X against Sancho IV's rebellion. Guzmán held Tarifa's citadel against Moor assault and Infante Don Juan, Sancho's rebellious brother. Guzmán's son was placed under Don Juan's custody, threatening to kill the captive unless Guzmán surrendered the city.

Dagger by Salvador Martínez Cubells (1883)

By tradition, Guzmán refused the demand with passionate remarks. According to one version,

"I didn't have a son to use against my country, but to serve her against her enemies. If Don Juan put him to death, he will confer honour on me, true life on my son, and eternal humiliation on himself in this world after death."

Guzman apparently threw down his knife to use it to kill his son.

He was rewarded with enormous Crown land grants for his fortress defence. In 1309, Guzmán helped Castile's Ferdinand IV take Gibraltar from the Moors, who ruled it for nearly 600 years since 711.

John II gave the ducal title in 1445 to one of his relatives, Juan Alonzo de Guzmán, Niebla count. Several of his ancestors, including statesmen, generals and colonial viceroys, appended the addition "El Bueno" to Guzmán's name.

Legacy

• Guzmán and his life have been explored by numerous Spanish playwrights, including Antonio Gil y Zárate in his Guzmán el bueno. Drama en Cuatro Actos, 1840s
• Luis Velez de Guevara (1570-1644), Más pesa el Rey que la Sangr
• Moratín, Sr. (1737-1780), play dated 1777 
• The Guzmán el Bueno metro stop in Madrid is named in his honor, and a street where the Madrid Civil Guard barracks is.
• Alonso appears in the scene of the dagger, in the play Anthology theatrical by the author Juan Jose Videgain, recognized as his descendant.

See also

• Dukes of Medina Sidonia
• Siege of Gibraltar (1309)

Notes

•  Antonio Gil y Zárate, Guzmán el Bueno. Drama en Cuatro Actos, 1901/1916 revised edition by Ginn and Company, annotated and edited by Sylvester Primer, with introduction in English, available online at Internet Archive of the Library of Congress
•  "When the Moors Ruled Europe". BBC. Archived from the original on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
•  The Ancient World with Bettany Hughes - When the Moors Ruled in Europe, 2005, Channel Four.
•  "Alonso Pérez de Guzmán", Digital Library, University of Pennsylvania
• Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guzmán el Bueno.

Sources

• Hobbs, Nicolas (2007). "Grandes de España" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 October 2008. Retrieved 15 October 2008.
• "19th century romanticized British account". Retrieved 15 October 2008